The purpose of which tasks are to learn the effect off breed and you may ages on egg development additionally the eggs additional and you can interior top quality inside the five Italian twin-objective types , in the beginning and some days later on than simply basic months putting craft one to occurred, respectively, at the conclusion of summer/start of fall along with winter months, below changeable ecological standards.
2.step 1. Pets and you can Rearing Standards
Five Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you can Robusta Lionata (RL), had been believed for the investigation. The body weight from mature female is 1.twenty-five kilogram inside PP, 2.30 kg inside Er and you may step three.05 kg from inside the RM and RL. Their provider is the Veneto region (Italy): PP is actually an old local reproduce; the supply is actually old back once again to the fresh new XIX century, however, no precise study on its hereditary provider occur. Additional breeds are available within the Veneto within the 1950s: the fresh new Emergency room breed originates from Sussex (shaded eggshell breed) and Rhode Island (brown eggshell reproduce) types, while for the RM and you will RL breeds, Brown Orpington and you can White The united states, a couple brownish eggshell breeds were used . And the mature body weight, such types disagree in their plumage the color: it’s golden from inside the PP, Emergency room suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage was predominantly light which have black colored extremities a number of regions of the looks, black feathers out of primaries and you will end and you may RL shows an effective tawny plumage with black feathers out of primaries and LatamDate granskning av datingsidan you can tail. All of the breeds (Shape S1) tell you single comb and you may set tinted eggshell eggs (Profile S2).
dos. Content and techniques
Birds regarding each reproduce hatched meanwhile (last half out-of elizabeth farm of the Hub to own Chicken Biodiversity Conservation regarding the Veneto area (it consistently provides for the new rearing ones types also when it comes to eggs development to have incubation and you may brooding), inside North Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching towards the pubertal years and you may regarding putting several months, and this come from the end off summer into start of autumn (Figure step 1), with respect to the breed. Eating, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis methods was basically an identical on the five breeds, since off hatching on the end of your own learned period, that has been when you look at the , on 53 months of age. The latest freshly hatched chicks was in fact kept inside within the basic cuatro days out of lives, from the a green temperatures coming down off thirty two so you’re able to 24 °C, lower than infra-yellow rays lighting fixtures, to your litter. Within step 1.5 months old, the new birds got 100 % free use of backyard rooms, out-of springtime to help you fall and you may winter. For each and every breed (60 hens) had totally free the means to access outside (5 m dos /bird) room (armed with linear drinkers), where the hens resided all the time, and also to indoor (4 hens/yards 2 ) space (timber shavings and straw litter, that have perches and you may circular feeders), mainly utilized to possess putting egg (collective nests) and at night; the area (indoor and you will backyard) accessible to each breed is actually split up from the netting.
At the outset of laying (around twenty-two months of age toward reproduce having earlier onset of laying), into the Sep–October, according to the breed, the new photoperiod is actually absolute and decreasing, depending on the year in addition to geographical position of one’s demonstration station from inside the Northern Italy (typically, 12L:12D), and also for the second months (out of 38 days old, from December so you can 53 days old), phony light is actually slowly enhanced (when you look at the indoor place, incandescent light bulb, regarding the sixty lux) to track down a beneficial photoperiod of 14L:10D. The photoperiod is regulated from the a timer, and it are attained by flipping on the white one hour just before sunrise and you can turning off they one hour shortly after sundown. The brand new exterior environmental temperature is actually ten ± 3.4 °C and you may eleven ± step 3.0 °C, respectively, on the earliest (right away out-of October towards avoid regarding November) in addition to second (right away of January towards stop off February) putting symptoms, in the event that data for the give overall performance and you can egg top quality were accumulated. The newest pet were given advertisement libitum industrial feeds centered on its mental phase (about three diversified commercial nourishes into the broadening period). Toward basic laying stage (26–33 months old, significantly less than coming down natural photoperiod), if the types been installing, the newest birds received a commercial pelleted offer (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step one.1%, P = 0.6%) and you will maize (PG = nine.1%, Myself = thirteen.7 MJ/kg), within a proportion of 1:step one. It is really worth recalling that, at this ages, precisely the dual-objective and tinted eggshell types showed an adjustable start of putting and egg manufacturing rates, while brand new hens belonging to the almost every other kinds of brand new Maintenance Middle for Biodiversity and you will hatched meanwhile of learnt breeds, including the white eggshell breeds, did not start putting (Padovana reproduce) or they presented an incredibly scant installing interest (Polverara breed), never ever attaining the tolerance regarding 10% hen–big date egg design. The cause of the option of brand new Maintenance Center, not to ever use a rss to possess laying hens while in the this period, are due to perhaps not forcing the new pullets in order to egg creation while in the a season having coming down temperatures and you will photoperiod. The fresh birds increased outside, less than favorable conditions getting skeletal health, perambulating soil and you can under solar radiation. From the outdoor space for each and every reproduce, the presence of lawn open to the fresh new wild birds are high throughout the the fresh new growing period than simply at onset of laying, which occurred following the summer season, in the event that precipitation try scarce and you may did not allow for good yard regrowth. From 38 so you can 53 weeks of age, and you may below increasing photoperiod, the newest hens was in fact fed a professional pelleted provide for putting (PG = 16%, Me = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Every nourishes consisted mainly away from maize and you will soybean.